SSC General Hindi Notes: Vyakaran, Shabd Gyan and Apathit Gadyansh
Hindi is an important language subject for the SSC aspirants who choose it as their language section in exams such as the SSC GD Constable examination. It is also an essential subject for posts like the Junior Hindi Translator (JHT), where Hindi and English are both tested in depth. The questions of General Hindi are direct and are based on the rules of grammar (vyakaran) and the knowledge of words (shabd gyan), so a candidate who learns the standard lists and the rules can score the full marks.
These SSC General Hindi notes explain the topics in simple language with the main rules, the standard examples and the tips to remember them. The Hindi terms are written in English letters so that every student can read them easily.
What You Get in These Hindi Notes
- The chapter-wise list of the SSC Hindi syllabus: varna vichar, sandhi, samas, shabd bhed, vachan, ling, karak, kaal, vachya, muhavare and more.
- The rules of sandhi and samas with standard examples.
- The important lists of paryayvachi (synonyms), vilom (antonyms), anekarthi shabd and one-word substitutions.
- The method to solve apathit gadyansh (unseen passages) and ashuddh vakya shuddhi (sentence correction) quickly.
- A study plan, exam tips and the links to related subjects such as English.
Varna Vichar (The Hindi Alphabet)
- Hindi has swar (vowels): a, aa, i, ee, u, oo, ri, e, ai, o, au. They are 11 in number (with ri included); ayogvaah are anusvar and visarga.
- Vyanjan (consonants) are divided into the sparsh (ka to ma, 25 letters in 5 vargas), antahstha (ya, ra, la, va), ushm (sha, sha, sa, ha) and sanyukt vyanjan (ksha, tra, gya, shra).
- The five vargas are the ka-varg, cha-varg, ta-varg (retroflex), ta-varg (dental) and pa-varg.
- Matra is the sign of a vowel on a consonant; halant removes the vowel of a consonant.
- Ling (gender) is masculine or feminine, and vachan (number) is singular or plural.
Sandhi
Sandhi is the joining of two letters or words. It has three types.
| Type | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Swar sandhi | Vowel + vowel | Vidya + alay = Vidyalay; Mahesh = Maha + Ish; Sadaiv = Sada + Eva |
| Vyanjan sandhi | Consonant + consonant or vowel | Dik + gaj = Digaj; Sat + jan = Sajjan; Jagat + ish = Jagdish |
| Visarg sandhi | Visarga + vowel or consonant | Man: + har = Manohar; Nih: + kapat = Nishkapat |
- Swar sandhi has five parts: deergh, gun, vriddhi, yan and ayadi sandhi.
- Learn the common examples by heart, as the exam asks for the correct breaking of a word.
Samas
| Samas | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Avyayeebhav | The first word is an avyay (indeclinable) and is the main one | Yathashakti, pratidin |
| Tatpurush | The second word is the main one; the case sign is hidden | Rajkumar (raja ka kumar) |
| Karmadharay | The two words are the adjective and the noun | Neelkamal (neela kamal) |
| Dvigu | The first word shows a number | Navratri, Chaurahaa |
| Dvandva | Both words are equally main; "and" is hidden | Mata-pita, Dal-roti |
| Bahuvrihi | Neither word is the main one; a third meaning is shown | Neelkanth (Shiva), Dashanan (Ravan) |
Shabd Bhed: Sangya, Sarvanam, Visheshan, Kriya and Avyay
- Sangya (noun): vyakti, jati, dravya, samuh and bhav.
- Sarvanam (pronoun): purush vachak (main, tum, vah), nishchay vachak, anishchay vachak, sambandh vachak, prashn vachak and nij vachak.
- Visheshan (adjective): gunvachak, sankhyavachak, parimanvachak and sarvanamik.
- Kriya (verb): sakarmak (with an object) and akarmak (without an object), sanyukt kriya and prerna kriya.
- Avyay (indeclinable): kriya visheshan, sambandh bodhak, samuchchay bodhak and vismayadi bodhak.
Karak, Kaal and Vachya
| Karak | Sign |
|---|---|
| Karta | ne |
| Karm | ko |
| Karan | se (by means of), dwara |
| Sampradan | ke liye, ko |
| Apadan | se (separation) |
| Sambandh | ka, ke, ki |
| Adhikaran | mein, par |
| Sambodhan | he, are |
- Kaal (tense) has three types: bhoot (past), vartman (present) and bhavishya (future), each with its sub-types.
- Vachya (voice) has kartri, karm and bhav vachya.
- Vakya bhed: saral, sanyukt and mishr vakya.
Shabd Gyan: Synonyms, Antonyms and More
- Paryayvachi shabd (synonyms): jal = pani, neer, vari; suraj = ravi, bhaskar, divakar; chandra = shashi, indu, mayank; ghar = griha, bhawan, awas.
- Vilom shabd (antonyms): amrit and vish, aadar and anadar, utkarsh and apkarsh, sthayi and asthayi.
- Anekarthi shabd (words with many meanings): kanak = sona and dhatura; hari = Vishnu, sher and ghoda.
- Yugm shabd (similar sounding words): ans and ansh, kul and kool, shant and shrant.
- Ek shabd ke liye anek shabd (one-word substitution): jisko jeeta na ja sake = ajey; jo kabhi mare nahi = amar; jo ishwar mein vishwas rakhe = astik.
- Upsarg, pratyay and shabd rachna: ati, adhi, anu, upa, pari and others are the prefixes.
- Tatsam, tadbhav, deshaj and videshi shabd are the sources of the words.
Muhavare and Lokoktiyan
- A muhavara is a group of words that gives a special meaning: aankhon ka tara = bahut pyara, aankh dikhana = gussa karna, naak mein dam karna = pareshan karna, haath khada karna = inkar karna.
- A lokokti is a popular saying with a full meaning: nau sau choohe khake billi haj ko chali; ek aur ek gyarah; naach na jaane aangan tedha.
- A good habit is to learn 10 muhavare and 5 lokoktiyan every day and write one sentence for each.
Vakya Shuddhi and Apathit Gadyansh
- Ashuddh vakya shuddhi: correct the errors of ling, vachan, karak and kaal and the wrong use of words. For example, "Ladkiyan school ja raha hai" is wrong because the verb must match the subject; the correct sentence is "Ladkiyan school ja rahi hain".
- Read the options first and mark the part that is wrong.
- Apathit gadyansh: read the questions first, then read the passage once fast and once slowly, and answer from the passage and not from your own knowledge.
- Fill in the blanks check the grammar and the meaning together.
How to Prepare SSC General Hindi
- Make a notebook for sandhi, samas, muhavare, lokoktiyan and one-word substitutions.
- Revise one chapter of grammar in a day and solve 20 questions on it.
- Read a Hindi newspaper daily for 15 minutes to improve your vocabulary.
- Practise one passage and one sentence-correction set every day.
- In the last month, solve the previous year papers of Hindi and revise the notebook.
Tips for the Exam
- Do not guess a word without checking all the four options.
- For sandhi and samas, break the word and test it before choosing.
- Hindi is a high-scoring section, so keep the time to check your answers.
Practice and Next Steps
Practise with the SSC practice papers, the previous year papers and the free SSC quizzes. Also prepare English, Reasoning, Quantitative Aptitude and General Awareness for the other sections of the exam.
Explore Other SSC Subjects
SSC exams test many subjects, so a good study plan connects them. Move to the next subject once you finish this one:
- Quantitative Aptitude Notes: Maths formulas, tricks and solved examples
- Reasoning Notes: Verbal and non-verbal reasoning topics
- English Notes: Grammar, vocabulary and comprehension
- General Awareness Notes: History, polity, geography, economy and static GK
- Computer Knowledge Notes: Computer basics, MS Office, internet and security
- General Science Notes: Physics, chemistry and biology for SSC
- Statistics Notes: Statistics for CGL Tier 2 (JSO)
- Finance and Economics Notes: Finance, accounts and economics for CGL Tier 2 (AAO)
- Current Affairs Notes: Latest national and international events
- Indian History Notes: Ancient, medieval and modern India
- Indian Geography Notes: Physical, economic and world geography
- Indian Polity Notes: Constitution, parliament and governance
- Indian Economy Notes: Economy, budget, banking and schemes
- Civil Engineering (SSC JE) Notes: Civil engineering topics for SSC JE
- Mechanical Engineering (SSC JE) Notes: Mechanical engineering topics for SSC JE
- Electrical Engineering (SSC JE) Notes: Electrical engineering topics for SSC JE
- Stenography Notes: Shorthand, typing and transcription for Stenographer
You can also practise with the SSC practice papers, solve the previous year papers and attempt the free SSC quizzes.
Frequently Asked Questions About SSC General Hindi Notes
In which SSC exams is Hindi asked?
Hindi is a language option in exams such as SSC GD Constable, and it is also an important subject for posts like Junior Hindi Translator (JHT).
What are the main topics of SSC General Hindi?
The main topics are varna vichar, sandhi, samas, sangya, sarvanam, visheshan, kriya, karak, kaal, paryayvachi, vilom, muhavare, lokoktiyan, one-word substitution and apathit gadyansh.
How many types of sandhi are there?
There are three types of sandhi: swar sandhi, vyanjan sandhi and visarg sandhi.
How many types of samas are there?
There are six main types of samas: avyayeebhav, tatpurush, karmadharay, dvigu, dvandva and bahuvrihi.
How can I learn muhavare and lokoktiyan quickly?
Learn a few every day with their meaning, write a sentence with each and revise your notebook every week.
What is the difference between a muhavara and a lokokti?
A muhavara is a group of words with a special meaning that works inside a sentence, while a lokokti is a complete popular saying that gives a lesson.
How should I solve apathit gadyansh?
Read the questions first, then read the passage carefully and choose the answers only from the information given in the passage.
How can I improve my Hindi for the SSC exam?
Read a Hindi newspaper daily, revise the grammar rules, practise the question sets and solve the previous year papers.
Which Hindi grammar topics give the most questions?
Sandhi, samas, paryayvachi shabd, vilom shabd, muhavare, lokoktiyan, shuddh-ashuddh shabd and apathit gadyansh are asked most often, so revise them first.
What is the difference between tatsam and tadbhav words?
Tatsam words are taken from Sanskrit without any change, such as agni and surya. Tadbhav words are the changed forms of these words, such as aag and suraj.
How many Hindi questions come in SSC GD?
In the SSC GD computer-based exam, one section has 20 questions of Hindi or English, and you can choose the language. Check the latest notification for the exact pattern.
How many hours should I study Hindi daily?
Give 45 to 60 minutes daily. Learn one grammar topic from these notes, write 10 examples and solve 15 questions of the same topic every day from the practice papers.